The SDLC Process Essays

The SDLC Process Essays The SDLC Process Paper The SDLC Process Paper Procedures tend to perform actions as with functions these are reusable Classes Part of the object-oriented programming paradigm a class contains both data and functions that describe a real world thing Objects A concrete Instance of a class complete with Its personal data Abstraction of data One of the key principle Ideas behind the creation of classes In data abstraction the ATA type Is less Important than the operations that can preformed on It In a sense the data type Is hidden behind a Limited number of functions method Predefine code Generally a term describing code that is already written and that can be used in a developers solution with permission this may take the form of a compiled module a call to the operating system or a snippet of ready-made code that can be inserted into their solution b) The OSDL process was designed to ensure end-state solutions meet user requirements in support of business strategic goals and objectives. In addition, the OSDL also provides a detail ed guide to help Program Managers with ALL aspects of IT system development, regardless of the system size and scope. The OSDL contains a comprehensive checklist of the rules and regulations governing IT systems, and is one way to ensure system developers comply with all applicable Government regulations, because the consequences of not doing so are high and wide ranging. This is especially true in the post 9/1 1 environment where larger amounts of Information are considered sensitive in nature, and are shared among commercial, International, Federal, state, and local partners. The seven-step process contains a procedural checklist and the systematic progression required to evolve an IT system from conception to disposition. The following descriptions briefly explain each of the seven phases of the OSDL: 1. Conceptual Planning. This phase Is the first step of any systems life cycle. It Is during this phase that a need to acquire or significantly enhance a system Is identified, Its feasibility and costs are assessed, and the risks and various project-planning approaches are defined. Roles and responsibilities for he Asset Manager, Sponsors Representative, System Development Agent (SAD), System Support Agent (ASS), and other parties In OSDL policy are designated during this stage and updated throughout the systems life cycle. 2. Planning and Requirements Definition. This phase begins after the project has been defined and appropriate resources have been committed. The first portion of this phase involves second part is developing initial life cycle management plans, including project planning, project management, Configuration Management (CM), support, operations, and training management. 3. Design. During this phase, functional, support and training requirements are translated into preliminary and detailed designs. Decisions are made to address how the system will meet functional requirements. A preliminary (general) system design, emphasizing the functional features of the system, is produced as a high-level guide. Then a final (detailed) system design is produced that expands the design by specifying all the technical detail needed to develop the system. 4. Development and Testing. During this phase, systems are developed or acquired based on detailed design specifications. The system is litigated through a sequence of unit, integration, performance, system, and acceptance testing. The objective is to ensure that the system functions as expected and that sponsors requirements are satisfied. All system components, communications, applications, procedures, and associated documentation are plopped/acquired, tested, and integrated. This phase requires strong user participation in order to verify thorough testing of all requirements and to meet all business needs. 5. Implementation. During this phase, the new or enhanced system is installed in the production environment, users are trained, data is converted (as added), the system is turned over to the sponsor, and business processes are evaluated. This phase includes efforts required to implement, resolve system problems identified during the implementation process, and plan for statement. 6. Operations and Maintenance. The system becomes operational during this phase. The emphasis during this phase is to ensure that sponsor needs continue to be met and that the system continues to perform according to specifications. Routine hardware and software maintenance and upgrades are performed to ensure effective system operations. User training continues during this phase, as needed, to acquaint new users to the system or to introduce new features to current users. Additional user support is provided, as an ongoing activity, to help resolve reported problems. 7. Disposition. This phase represents the end of the systems life cycle. It provides for the systematic termination of a system to ensure that vital information is preserved for potential future access and/or reactivation. The system, when placed in the Disposition Phase, has been declared surplus and/or obsolete and has been scheduled for shutdown. The emphasis of this phase is to ensure that the system (e. G. , equipment, parts, software, data, procedures, and documentation) is packaged and disposed of in accordance with appropriate regulations and requirements. Each column in the graphic represents an individual phase. The documents in each phase are created and maintained throughout the rest of the development cycles until the final disposition of the project. Although this indicates the process is linear, it is not. It is iterative and once a project is deployed, the management of the project may return to requirements gathering to start all over again.

Arab Americans Populations by State

Arab Americans Populations by State As a bloc, the 3.5 million Arab Americans in the United States are becoming an important economic and electoral minority. The largest concentrations of Arab Americans are in some of the most contested electoral battlegrounds of the 1990s and the 2000s - Michigan, Florida, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Virginia. In the early 1990s Arab Americans tended to register Republican more than Democratic. That changed after 2001. So have their voting patterns. The largest block of Arab Americans in most states is of Lebanese descent. They account for a quarter to a third of the total Arab population in most states. New Jersey is an exception. There, Egyptians account for 34% of the Arab American population, Lebanese account for 18%. In Ohio, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, Lebanese account for 40% to 58% of the Arab American population. All these figures are based on estimates by ​Zogby International, conducted for the Arab American Institute. A note about the population estimates in the table below: ​Youll notice quite a disparity between the 2000 Census Bureau figures and those of Zogby in 2008. Zogby explains the difference: The decennial Census identifies only a portion of the Arab population through a question on ancestry on the census long form. Reasons for the undercount include the placement of and limits of the ancestry question (as distinct from race and ethnicity); the effect of the sample methodology on small, unevenly distributed ethnic groups; high levels of out-marriage among the third and fourth generations; and distrust/misunderstanding of government surveys among more recent immigrants. Arab American Populations, 11 Largest States Rank State 1980Census 2000Census 2008Zogby Estimate 1 California 100,972 220,372 715,000 2 Michigan 69,610 151,493 490,000 3 New York 73,065 125,442 405,000 4 Florida 30,190 79,212 255,000 5 New Jersey 30,698 73,985 240,000 6 Illinois 33,500 68,982 220,000 7 Texas 30,273 65,876 210,000 8 Ohio 35,318 58,261 185,000 9 Massachusetts 36,733 55,318 175,000 10 Pennsylvania 34,863 50,260 160,000 11 Virginia 13,665 46,151 135,000 Source: Arab American Institute